diff --git a/app/finders/message_finder.rb b/app/finders/message_finder.rb
index 8854e239a..bf82d61d5 100644
--- a/app/finders/message_finder.rb
+++ b/app/finders/message_finder.rb
@@ -48,3 +48,5 @@ class MessageFinder
     messages.reorder('created_at desc').limit(20).reverse
   end
 end
+
+MessageFinder.prepend_mod_with('MessageFinder')
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/api/channel/voice/twilioVoiceClient.js b/app/javascript/dashboard/api/channel/voice/twilioVoiceClient.js
index 67f74a171..13f61a16c 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/api/channel/voice/twilioVoiceClient.js
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/api/channel/voice/twilioVoiceClient.js
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class TwilioVoiceClient extends EventTarget {
     this.inboxId = null;
   }
 
-  async joinClientCall({ to, conversationId }) {
+  async joinClientCall({ to, conversationId, callSid }) {
     if (!this.device || !this.initialized || !to) return null;
     if (this.activeConnection) return this.activeConnection;
 
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ class TwilioVoiceClient extends EventTarget {
       To: to,
       is_agent: 'true',
       conversation_id: conversationId,
+      call_sid: callSid,
     };
 
     const connection = await this.device.connect({ params });
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/api/channel/voice/voiceAPIClient.js b/app/javascript/dashboard/api/channel/voice/voiceAPIClient.js
index 6e1e548c8..41ff7007c 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/api/channel/voice/voiceAPIClient.js
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/api/channel/voice/voiceAPIClient.js
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ class VoiceAPI extends ApiClient {
     return ContactsAPI.initiateCall(contactId, inboxId).then(r => r.data);
   }
 
-  leaveConference(inboxId, conversationId) {
+  leaveConference({ inboxId, conversationId, callSid }) {
     return axios
       .delete(`${this.baseUrl()}/inboxes/${inboxId}/conference`, {
-        params: { conversation_id: conversationId },
+        params: { conversation_id: conversationId, call_sid: callSid },
       })
       .then(r => r.data);
   }
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/Conversation/ConversationCard/ConversationCardExpanded.vue b/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/Conversation/ConversationCard/ConversationCardExpanded.vue
index 5a6324902..d0f8f0211 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/Conversation/ConversationCard/ConversationCardExpanded.vue
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/Conversation/ConversationCard/ConversationCardExpanded.vue
@@ -35,10 +35,16 @@ const emit = defineEmits([
 const lastMessageInChat = computed(() => getLastMessage(props.chat));
 const showLabelsSection = computed(() => props.chat.labels?.length > 0);
 
-const voiceCallData = computed(() => ({
-  status: props.chat.additional_attributes?.call_status,
-  direction: props.chat.additional_attributes?.call_direction,
-}));
+const voiceCallData = computed(() => {
+  const last = lastMessageInChat.value;
+  if (last?.content_type !== 'voice_call' || !last.call) {
+    return { status: null, direction: null };
+  }
+  return {
+    status: last.call.status,
+    direction: last.call.direction === 'outgoing' ? 'outbound' : 'inbound',
+  };
+});
 
 const unreadCount = computed(() => props.chat.unread_count);
 
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/message/Message.vue b/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/message/Message.vue
index 3de9d2d04..d738bfcc6 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/message/Message.vue
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/message/Message.vue
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ const props = defineProps({
     validator: value => Object.values(MESSAGE_STATUS).includes(value),
   },
   attachments: { type: Array, default: () => [] },
+  call: { type: Object, default: null }, // eslint-disable-line vue/no-unused-properties
   content: { type: String, default: null },
   contentAttributes: { type: Object, default: () => ({}) },
   contentType: {
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/message/bubbles/VoiceCall.vue b/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/message/bubbles/VoiceCall.vue
index 5a7d39a4e..a270882ac 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/message/bubbles/VoiceCall.vue
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/components-next/message/bubbles/VoiceCall.vue
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <script setup>
 import { computed } from 'vue';
 import { useMessageContext } from '../provider.js';
-import { MESSAGE_TYPES, VOICE_CALL_STATUS } from '../constants';
+import { VOICE_CALL_STATUS } from '../constants';
 
 import Icon from 'dashboard/components-next/icon/Icon.vue';
 import BaseBubble from 'next/message/bubbles/Base.vue';
@@ -30,12 +30,10 @@ const BG_COLOR_MAP = {
   [VOICE_CALL_STATUS.FAILED]: 'bg-n-ruby-9',
 };
 
-const { contentAttributes, messageType } = useMessageContext();
+const { call } = useMessageContext();
 
-const data = computed(() => contentAttributes.value?.data);
-const status = computed(() => data.value?.status?.toString());
-
-const isOutbound = computed(() => messageType.value === MESSAGE_TYPES.OUTGOING);
+const status = computed(() => call.value?.status);
+const isOutbound = computed(() => call.value?.direction === 'outgoing');
 const isFailed = computed(() =>
   [VOICE_CALL_STATUS.NO_ANSWER, VOICE_CALL_STATUS.FAILED].includes(status.value)
 );
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/components/widgets/FloatingCallWidget.vue b/app/javascript/dashboard/components/widgets/FloatingCallWidget.vue
index 4515b5c33..4086c733c 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/components/widgets/FloatingCallWidget.vue
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/components/widgets/FloatingCallWidget.vue
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ const handleEndCall = async () => {
   await endCallSession({
     conversationId: call.conversationId,
     inboxId,
+    callSid: call.callSid,
   });
 };
 
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/components/widgets/conversation/ConversationCard.vue b/app/javascript/dashboard/components/widgets/conversation/ConversationCard.vue
index ae0f3109c..95ef53491 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/components/widgets/conversation/ConversationCard.vue
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/components/widgets/conversation/ConversationCard.vue
@@ -38,10 +38,16 @@ const unreadCount = computed(() => props.chat.unread_count);
 const hasUnread = computed(() => unreadCount.value > 0);
 const lastMessageInChat = computed(() => getLastMessage(props.chat));
 
-const voiceCallData = computed(() => ({
-  status: props.chat.additional_attributes?.call_status,
-  direction: props.chat.additional_attributes?.call_direction,
-}));
+const voiceCallData = computed(() => {
+  const last = lastMessageInChat.value;
+  if (last?.content_type !== 'voice_call' || !last.call) {
+    return { status: null, direction: null };
+  }
+  return {
+    status: last.call.status,
+    direction: last.call.direction === 'outgoing' ? 'outbound' : 'inbound',
+  };
+});
 
 const showMetaSection = computed(() => {
   return (
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/composables/useCallSession.js b/app/javascript/dashboard/composables/useCallSession.js
index f58d784b8..0d682821d 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/composables/useCallSession.js
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/composables/useCallSession.js
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ export function useCallSession() {
     );
   });
 
-  const endCall = async ({ conversationId, inboxId }) => {
-    await VoiceAPI.leaveConference(inboxId, conversationId);
+  const endCall = async ({ conversationId, inboxId, callSid }) => {
+    await VoiceAPI.leaveConference({ inboxId, conversationId, callSid });
     TwilioVoiceClient.endClientCall();
     durationTimer.stop();
     callsStore.clearActiveCall();
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ export function useCallSession() {
       await TwilioVoiceClient.joinClientCall({
         to: joinResponse?.conference_sid,
         conversationId,
+        callSid,
       });
 
       callsStore.setCallActive(callSid);
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/helper/voice.js b/app/javascript/dashboard/helper/voice.js
index 9f753a811..d6a6af6bd 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/helper/voice.js
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/helper/voice.js
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ const shouldSkipCall = (callDirection, senderId, currentUserId) => {
 };
 
 function extractCallData(message) {
-  const contentData = message?.content_attributes?.data || {};
+  const call = message?.call || {};
   return {
-    callSid: contentData.call_sid,
-    status: contentData.status,
-    callDirection: contentData.call_direction,
+    callSid: call.provider_call_id,
+    status: call.status,
+    callDirection: call.direction === 'outgoing' ? 'outbound' : 'inbound',
     conversationId: message?.conversation_id,
     senderId: message?.sender?.id,
   };
@@ -60,9 +60,11 @@ export function handleVoiceCallUpdated(commit, message, currentUserId) {
 
   callsStore.handleCallStatusChanged({ callSid, status, conversationId });
 
-  const callInfo = { conversationId, callStatus: status };
-  commit(types.UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CALL_STATUS, callInfo);
-  commit(types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS, callInfo);
+  commit(types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS, {
+    conversationId,
+    callStatus: status,
+    callSid,
+  });
 
   const isNewCall =
     status === 'ringing' &&
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/store/modules/conversations/index.js b/app/javascript/dashboard/store/modules/conversations/index.js
index bffc2204a..8a13940c0 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/store/modules/conversations/index.js
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/store/modules/conversations/index.js
@@ -307,34 +307,21 @@ export const mutations = {
     }
   },
 
-  [types.UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CALL_STATUS](
+  [types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS](
     _state,
-    { conversationId, callStatus }
+    { conversationId, callStatus, callSid }
   ) {
     const chat = getConversationById(_state)(conversationId);
     if (!chat) return;
 
-    chat.additional_attributes = {
-      ...chat.additional_attributes,
-      call_status: callStatus,
-    };
-  },
-
-  [types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS](_state, { conversationId, callStatus }) {
-    const chat = getConversationById(_state)(conversationId);
-    if (!chat) return;
-
-    const lastCall = (chat.messages || []).findLast(
-      m => m.content_type === CONTENT_TYPES.VOICE_CALL
+    const message = (chat.messages || []).find(
+      m =>
+        m.content_type === CONTENT_TYPES.VOICE_CALL &&
+        m.call?.provider_call_id === callSid
     );
+    if (!message?.call) return;
 
-    if (!lastCall) return;
-
-    lastCall.content_attributes ??= {};
-    lastCall.content_attributes.data = {
-      ...lastCall.content_attributes.data,
-      status: callStatus,
-    };
+    message.call = { ...message.call, status: callStatus };
   },
 
   [types.SET_ACTIVE_INBOX](_state, inboxId) {
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/store/modules/conversations/specs/mutations.spec.js b/app/javascript/dashboard/store/modules/conversations/specs/mutations.spec.js
index 09c89f0b0..35a470c69 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/store/modules/conversations/specs/mutations.spec.js
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/store/modules/conversations/specs/mutations.spec.js
@@ -2,55 +2,18 @@ import { mutations } from '../index';
 import types from '../../../mutation-types';
 
 describe('#mutations', () => {
-  describe('#UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CALL_STATUS', () => {
-    it('does nothing if conversation is not found', () => {
-      const state = { allConversations: [] };
-      mutations[types.UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CALL_STATUS](state, {
-        conversationId: 1,
-        callStatus: 'ringing',
-      });
-      expect(state.allConversations).toEqual([]);
-    });
-
-    it('updates call_status preserving existing additional_attributes', () => {
-      const state = {
-        allConversations: [
-          { id: 1, additional_attributes: { other_attr: 'value' } },
-        ],
-      };
-      mutations[types.UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CALL_STATUS](state, {
-        conversationId: 1,
-        callStatus: 'in-progress',
-      });
-      expect(state.allConversations[0].additional_attributes).toEqual({
-        other_attr: 'value',
-        call_status: 'in-progress',
-      });
-    });
-
-    it('creates additional_attributes if it does not exist', () => {
-      const state = { allConversations: [{ id: 1 }] };
-      mutations[types.UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CALL_STATUS](state, {
-        conversationId: 1,
-        callStatus: 'completed',
-      });
-      expect(state.allConversations[0].additional_attributes).toEqual({
-        call_status: 'completed',
-      });
-    });
-  });
-
   describe('#UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS', () => {
     it('does nothing if conversation is not found', () => {
       const state = { allConversations: [] };
       mutations[types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS](state, {
         conversationId: 1,
         callStatus: 'ringing',
+        callSid: 'CA123',
       });
       expect(state.allConversations).toEqual([]);
     });
 
-    it('does nothing if no voice call message exists', () => {
+    it('does nothing if no matching voice call message exists', () => {
       const state = {
         allConversations: [
           { id: 1, messages: [{ id: 1, content_type: 'text' }] },
@@ -59,6 +22,7 @@ describe('#mutations', () => {
       mutations[types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS](state, {
         conversationId: 1,
         callStatus: 'ringing',
+        callSid: 'CA123',
       });
       expect(state.allConversations[0].messages[0]).toEqual({
         id: 1,
@@ -66,7 +30,7 @@ describe('#mutations', () => {
       });
     });
 
-    it('updates the last voice call message status', () => {
+    it('updates only the voice call message matching the given callSid', () => {
       const state = {
         allConversations: [
           {
@@ -75,12 +39,12 @@ describe('#mutations', () => {
               {
                 id: 1,
                 content_type: 'voice_call',
-                content_attributes: { data: { status: 'ringing' } },
+                call: { provider_call_id: 'CA111', status: 'ringing' },
               },
               {
                 id: 2,
                 content_type: 'voice_call',
-                content_attributes: { data: { status: 'ringing' } },
+                call: { provider_call_id: 'CA222', status: 'ringing' },
               },
             ],
           },
@@ -89,34 +53,15 @@ describe('#mutations', () => {
       mutations[types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS](state, {
         conversationId: 1,
         callStatus: 'in-progress',
+        callSid: 'CA111',
       });
-      expect(
-        state.allConversations[0].messages[0].content_attributes.data.status
-      ).toBe('ringing');
-      expect(
-        state.allConversations[0].messages[1].content_attributes.data.status
-      ).toBe('in-progress');
+      expect(state.allConversations[0].messages[0].call.status).toBe(
+        'in-progress'
+      );
+      expect(state.allConversations[0].messages[1].call.status).toBe('ringing');
     });
 
-    it('creates content_attributes.data if it does not exist', () => {
-      const state = {
-        allConversations: [
-          {
-            id: 1,
-            messages: [{ id: 1, content_type: 'voice_call' }],
-          },
-        ],
-      };
-      mutations[types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS](state, {
-        conversationId: 1,
-        callStatus: 'completed',
-      });
-      expect(
-        state.allConversations[0].messages[0].content_attributes.data.status
-      ).toBe('completed');
-    });
-
-    it('preserves existing data in content_attributes.data', () => {
+    it('preserves existing call fields when updating status', () => {
       const state = {
         allConversations: [
           {
@@ -125,8 +70,11 @@ describe('#mutations', () => {
               {
                 id: 1,
                 content_type: 'voice_call',
-                content_attributes: {
-                  data: { call_sid: 'CA123', status: 'ringing' },
+                call: {
+                  provider_call_id: 'CA123',
+                  status: 'ringing',
+                  direction: 'incoming',
+                  duration_seconds: null,
                 },
               },
             ],
@@ -136,12 +84,13 @@ describe('#mutations', () => {
       mutations[types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS](state, {
         conversationId: 1,
         callStatus: 'in-progress',
+        callSid: 'CA123',
       });
-      expect(
-        state.allConversations[0].messages[0].content_attributes.data
-      ).toEqual({
-        call_sid: 'CA123',
+      expect(state.allConversations[0].messages[0].call).toEqual({
+        provider_call_id: 'CA123',
         status: 'in-progress',
+        direction: 'incoming',
+        duration_seconds: null,
       });
     });
 
@@ -152,8 +101,34 @@ describe('#mutations', () => {
       mutations[types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS](state, {
         conversationId: 1,
         callStatus: 'ringing',
+        callSid: 'CA123',
       });
       expect(state.allConversations[0].messages).toEqual([]);
     });
+
+    it('does nothing if matching message has no call object yet', () => {
+      const state = {
+        allConversations: [
+          {
+            id: 1,
+            messages: [
+              {
+                id: 1,
+                content_type: 'voice_call',
+                call: { provider_call_id: 'CA-OTHER' },
+              },
+            ],
+          },
+        ],
+      };
+      mutations[types.UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS](state, {
+        conversationId: 1,
+        callStatus: 'completed',
+        callSid: 'CA-MISSING',
+      });
+      expect(state.allConversations[0].messages[0].call).toEqual({
+        provider_call_id: 'CA-OTHER',
+      });
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/app/javascript/dashboard/store/mutation-types.js b/app/javascript/dashboard/store/mutation-types.js
index 6c8d544f0..82858b6b6 100644
--- a/app/javascript/dashboard/store/mutation-types.js
+++ b/app/javascript/dashboard/store/mutation-types.js
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ export default {
   UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CUSTOM_ATTRIBUTES:
     'UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CUSTOM_ATTRIBUTES',
   UPDATE_CONVERSATION_LAST_ACTIVITY: 'UPDATE_CONVERSATION_LAST_ACTIVITY',
-  UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CALL_STATUS: 'UPDATE_CONVERSATION_CALL_STATUS',
   UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS: 'UPDATE_MESSAGE_CALL_STATUS',
   SET_MISSING_MESSAGES: 'SET_MISSING_MESSAGES',
 
diff --git a/app/views/api/v1/models/_message.json.jbuilder b/app/views/api/v1/models/_message.json.jbuilder
index 583bc6fa6..1b3bf4236 100644
--- a/app/views/api/v1/models/_message.json.jbuilder
+++ b/app/views/api/v1/models/_message.json.jbuilder
@@ -12,3 +12,5 @@ json.private message.private
 json.source_id message.source_id
 json.sender message.sender.push_event_data if message.sender
 json.attachments message.attachments.map(&:push_event_data) if message.attachments.present?
+
+json.set! :call, message.call.push_event_data if message.content_type == 'voice_call' && message.respond_to?(:call) && message.call.present?
diff --git a/enterprise/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts/conference_controller.rb b/enterprise/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts/conference_controller.rb
index 3d802fc31..07cec861d 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts/conference_controller.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts/conference_controller.rb
@@ -10,36 +10,35 @@ class Api::V1::Accounts::ConferenceController < Api::V1::Accounts::BaseControlle
   end
 
   def create
-    conversation = fetch_conversation_by_display_id
-    ensure_call_sid!(conversation)
+    call = resolve_call!
 
-    conference_service = Voice::Provider::Twilio::ConferenceService.new(conversation: conversation)
+    conference_service = Voice::Provider::Twilio::ConferenceService.new(call: call)
     conference_sid = conference_service.ensure_conference_sid
     conference_service.mark_agent_joined(user: current_user)
 
     render json: {
       status: 'success',
-      id: conversation.display_id,
+      id: call.conversation.display_id,
       conference_sid: conference_sid,
       using_webrtc: true
     }
   end
 
   def destroy
-    conversation = fetch_conversation_by_display_id
-    Voice::Provider::Twilio::ConferenceService.new(conversation: conversation).end_conference
-    render json: { status: 'success', id: conversation.display_id }
+    call = resolve_call!
+    Voice::Provider::Twilio::ConferenceService.new(call: call).end_conference
+    render json: { status: 'success', id: call.conversation.display_id }
   end
 
   private
 
-  def ensure_call_sid!(conversation)
-    return conversation.identifier if conversation.identifier.present?
+  def resolve_call!
+    sid = params[:call_sid].presence
+    raise ActionController::ParameterMissing, :call_sid if sid.blank?
 
-    incoming_sid = params.require(:call_sid)
-
-    conversation.update!(identifier: incoming_sid)
-    incoming_sid
+    conversation = fetch_conversation_by_display_id
+    Call.where(inbox_id: @voice_inbox.id, provider: :twilio, conversation_id: conversation.id)
+        .find_by!(provider_call_id: sid)
   end
 
   def set_voice_inbox_for_conference
diff --git a/enterprise/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts/contacts/calls_controller.rb b/enterprise/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts/contacts/calls_controller.rb
index 11a352325..8217e1a37 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts/contacts/calls_controller.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/controllers/api/v1/accounts/contacts/calls_controller.rb
@@ -6,20 +6,18 @@ class Api::V1::Accounts::Contacts::CallsController < Api::V1::Accounts::BaseCont
     authorize contact, :show?
     authorize voice_inbox, :show?
 
-    result = Voice::OutboundCallBuilder.perform!(
+    call = Voice::OutboundCallBuilder.perform!(
       account: Current.account,
       inbox: voice_inbox,
       user: Current.user,
       contact: contact
     )
 
-    conversation = result[:conversation]
-
     render json: {
-      conversation_id: conversation.display_id,
+      conversation_id: call.conversation.display_id,
       inbox_id: voice_inbox.id,
-      call_sid: result[:call_sid],
-      conference_sid: conversation.additional_attributes['conference_sid']
+      call_sid: call.provider_call_id,
+      conference_sid: call.conference_sid
     }
   end
 
diff --git a/enterprise/app/controllers/twilio/voice_controller.rb b/enterprise/app/controllers/twilio/voice_controller.rb
index a8555b373..6024e2b77 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/controllers/twilio/voice_controller.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/controllers/twilio/voice_controller.rb
@@ -20,30 +20,28 @@ class Twilio::VoiceController < ApplicationController
   end
 
   def call_twiml
-    account = current_account
     Rails.logger.info(
-      "TWILIO_VOICE_TWIML account=#{account.id} call_sid=#{twilio_call_sid} from=#{twilio_from} direction=#{twilio_direction}"
+      "TWILIO_VOICE_TWIML account=#{current_account.id} call_sid=#{twilio_call_sid} from=#{twilio_from} direction=#{twilio_direction}"
     )
 
-    conversation = resolve_conversation
-    conference_sid = ensure_conference_sid!(conversation)
-
-    render xml: conference_twiml(conference_sid, agent_leg?(twilio_from))
+    call = resolve_call
+    render xml: conference_twiml(call)
   end
 
   def conference_status
     event = mapped_conference_event
-    return head :no_content unless event
+    if event.nil?
+      Rails.logger.info(
+        "TWILIO_VOICE_CONFERENCE_UNMAPPED_EVENT account=#{current_account.id} event=#{params[:StatusCallbackEvent]} call_sid=#{twilio_call_sid}"
+      )
+      return head :no_content
+    end
 
-    conversation = find_conversation_for_conference!(
-      friendly_name: params[:FriendlyName],
-      call_sid: twilio_call_sid
-    )
+    call = find_call_for_conference!(params[:FriendlyName], twilio_call_sid)
 
     Voice::Conference::Manager.new(
-      conversation: conversation,
+      call: call,
       event: event,
-      call_sid: twilio_call_sid,
       participant_label: participant_label
     ).process
 
@@ -80,8 +78,8 @@ class Twilio::VoiceController < ApplicationController
     from_number.start_with?('client:')
   end
 
-  def resolve_conversation
-    return find_conversation_for_agent if agent_leg?(twilio_from)
+  def resolve_call
+    return find_call_for_agent if agent_leg?(twilio_from)
 
     case twilio_direction
     when 'inbound'
@@ -92,79 +90,72 @@ class Twilio::VoiceController < ApplicationController
         call_sid: twilio_call_sid
       )
     when 'outbound-api', 'outbound-dial'
-      sync_outbound_leg(
-        call_sid: twilio_call_sid,
-        from_number: twilio_from,
-        direction: twilio_direction
-      )
+      sync_outbound_leg(call_sid: twilio_call_sid, direction: twilio_direction)
     else
       raise ArgumentError, "Unsupported Twilio direction: #{twilio_direction}"
     end
   end
 
-  def find_conversation_for_agent
-    if params[:conversation_id].present?
-      current_account.conversations.find_by!(display_id: params[:conversation_id])
-    else
-      current_account.conversations.find_by!(identifier: twilio_call_sid)
-    end
+  def find_call_for_agent
+    sid = params[:call_sid].presence
+    raise ArgumentError, 'call_sid is required for agent leg' if sid.blank?
+
+    inbox_calls.find_by!(provider_call_id: sid)
   end
 
-  def sync_outbound_leg(call_sid:, from_number:, direction:)
+  def sync_outbound_leg(call_sid:, direction:)
     parent_sid = params['ParentCallSid'].presence
     lookup_sid = direction == 'outbound-dial' ? parent_sid || call_sid : call_sid
-    conversation = current_account.conversations.find_by!(identifier: lookup_sid)
+    call = inbox_calls.find_by!(provider_call_id: lookup_sid)
 
-    Voice::CallSessionSyncService.new(
-      conversation: conversation,
-      call_sid: call_sid,
-      message_call_sid: conversation.identifier,
-      leg: {
-        from_number: from_number,
-        to_number: twilio_to,
-        direction: 'outbound'
-      }
-    ).perform
+    call.update!(parent_call_sid: parent_sid) if parent_sid.present? && call.parent_call_sid != parent_sid
+    call
   end
 
-  def ensure_conference_sid!(conversation)
-    attrs = conversation.additional_attributes || {}
-    attrs['conference_sid'] ||= Voice::Conference::Name.for(conversation)
-    conversation.update!(additional_attributes: attrs)
-    attrs['conference_sid']
+  def inbox_calls
+    Call.where(inbox_id: inbox.id, provider: :twilio)
   end
 
-  def conference_twiml(conference_sid, agent_leg)
+  def conference_twiml(call)
+    conference_sid = ensure_conference_sid!(call)
+
     Twilio::TwiML::VoiceResponse.new.tap do |response|
       response.dial do |dial|
         dial.conference(
           conference_sid,
-          start_conference_on_enter: agent_leg,
+          start_conference_on_enter: agent_leg?(twilio_from),
           end_conference_on_exit: false,
           status_callback: conference_status_callback_url,
           status_callback_event: 'start end join leave',
           status_callback_method: 'POST',
-          participant_label: agent_leg ? 'agent' : 'contact'
+          participant_label: participant_label_for(twilio_from)
         )
       end
     end.to_s
   end
 
+  def ensure_conference_sid!(call)
+    return call.conference_sid if call.conference_sid.present?
+
+    call.update!(conference_sid: call.default_conference_sid)
+    call.conference_sid
+  end
+
+  def participant_label_for(from_number)
+    return from_number.delete_prefix('client:') if from_number.start_with?('client:')
+
+    'contact'
+  end
+
   def conference_status_callback_url
     phone_digits = inbox_channel.phone_number.delete_prefix('+')
     Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.twilio_voice_conference_status_url(phone: phone_digits)
   end
 
-  def find_conversation_for_conference!(friendly_name:, call_sid:)
+  def find_call_for_conference!(friendly_name, call_sid)
     name = friendly_name.to_s
-    scope = current_account.conversations
-
-    if name.present?
-      conversation = scope.where("additional_attributes->>'conference_sid' = ?", name).first
-      return conversation if conversation
-    end
-
-    scope.find_by!(identifier: call_sid)
+    call = inbox_calls.by_conference_sid(name).first if name.present?
+    call || inbox_calls.find_by!(provider_call_id: call_sid)
   end
 
   def set_inbox!
diff --git a/enterprise/app/finders/enterprise/message_finder.rb b/enterprise/app/finders/enterprise/message_finder.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00efa7dc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/enterprise/app/finders/enterprise/message_finder.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module Enterprise::MessageFinder
+  def conversation_messages
+    super.includes(call: [:contact, { inbox: :channel }])
+  end
+end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/models/call.rb b/enterprise/app/models/call.rb
index 9864a4167..ec3d82d63 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/models/call.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/models/call.rb
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ class Call < ApplicationRecord
   # Statuses where the call is finished and won't change again
   TERMINAL_STATUSES = %w[completed no_answer failed].freeze
 
+  store_accessor :meta, :conference_sid, :recording_sid, :parent_call_sid, :initiated_at, :ended_at
+
   enum :provider, { twilio: 0, whatsapp: 1 }
   enum :direction, { incoming: 0, outgoing: 1 }
 
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ class Call < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :inbox
   belongs_to :conversation
   belongs_to :contact
-  belongs_to :message, optional: true
+  belongs_to :message, optional: true, inverse_of: :call
   belongs_to :accepted_by_agent, class_name: 'User', optional: true
 
   has_one_attached :recording
@@ -52,4 +54,50 @@ class Call < ApplicationRecord
   validates :status, presence: true, inclusion: { in: STATUSES }
 
   scope :active, -> { where.not(status: TERMINAL_STATUSES) }
+  scope :by_conference_sid, ->(sid) { where("meta->>'conference_sid' = ?", sid) }
+
+  def self.find_by_provider_call_id(provider, sid)
+    find_by(provider: provider, provider_call_id: sid)
+  end
+
+  def default_conference_sid
+    "conf_account_#{account_id}_call_#{id}"
+  end
+
+  def display_status
+    status.to_s.tr('_', '-')
+  end
+
+  def from_number
+    incoming? ? contact.phone_number : inbox.channel&.phone_number
+  end
+
+  def to_number
+    incoming? ? inbox.channel&.phone_number : contact.phone_number
+  end
+
+  def recording_url
+    return nil unless recording.attached?
+
+    Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.rails_blob_url(recording)
+  end
+
+  def push_event_data
+    {
+      id: id,
+      provider_call_id: provider_call_id,
+      provider: provider,
+      direction: direction,
+      status: display_status,
+      duration_seconds: duration_seconds,
+      conference_sid: conference_sid,
+      accepted_by_agent_id: accepted_by_agent_id,
+      started_at: started_at&.to_i,
+      ended_at: ended_at,
+      from_number: from_number,
+      to_number: to_number,
+      recording_url: recording_url,
+      transcript: transcript
+    }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/models/enterprise/conversation.rb b/enterprise/app/models/enterprise/conversation.rb
index 48db11869..09cb2c569 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/models/enterprise/conversation.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/models/enterprise/conversation.rb
@@ -25,17 +25,6 @@ module Enterprise::Conversation
     self.captain_activity_reason_type = previous_reason_type
   end
 
-  # Include select additional_attributes keys (call related) for update events
-  def allowed_keys?
-    return true if super
-
-    attrs_change = previous_changes['additional_attributes']
-    return false unless attrs_change.is_a?(Array) && attrs_change[1].is_a?(Hash)
-
-    changed_attr_keys = attrs_change[1].keys
-    changed_attr_keys.intersect?(%w[call_status])
-  end
-
   private
 
   def dispatch_captain_inference_event(event_name)
diff --git a/enterprise/app/models/enterprise/message.rb b/enterprise/app/models/enterprise/message.rb
index 4b08a4ed5..a6336fc55 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/models/enterprise/message.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/models/enterprise/message.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,18 @@
 module Enterprise::Message
+  def self.prepended(base)
+    base.class_eval do
+      has_one :call, class_name: 'Call', foreign_key: :message_id, dependent: :nullify, inverse_of: :message
+
+      scope :with_call, -> { includes(call: [:contact, { inbox: :channel }]) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def push_event_data
+    data = super
+    data[:call] = call.push_event_data if content_type == 'voice_call' && call.present?
+    data
+  end
+
   private
 
   def mark_pending_conversation_as_open_for_human_response
diff --git a/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_message_builder.rb b/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_message_builder.rb
index adf72f67c..8563a8282 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_message_builder.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_message_builder.rb
@@ -1,90 +1,26 @@
 class Voice::CallMessageBuilder
-  def self.perform!(conversation:, direction:, payload:, user: nil, timestamps: {})
-    new(
-      conversation: conversation,
-      direction: direction,
-      payload: payload,
-      user: user,
-      timestamps: timestamps
-    ).perform!
-  end
-
-  def initialize(conversation:, direction:, payload:, user:, timestamps:)
-    @conversation = conversation
-    @direction = direction
-    @payload = payload
-    @user = user
-    @timestamps = timestamps
+  def initialize(call)
+    @call = call
   end
 
   def perform!
-    validate_sender!
-    message = latest_message
-    message ? update_message!(message) : create_message!
+    call.message || create_message!
   end
 
   private
 
-  attr_reader :conversation, :direction, :payload, :user, :timestamps
-
-  def latest_message
-    conversation.messages.voice_calls.order(created_at: :desc).first
-  end
-
-  def update_message!(message)
-    message.update!(
-      message_type: message_type,
-      content_attributes: { 'data' => base_payload },
-      sender: sender
-    )
-  end
+  attr_reader :call
 
   def create_message!
     params = {
       content: 'Voice Call',
-      message_type: message_type,
-      content_type: 'voice_call',
-      content_attributes: { 'data' => base_payload }
+      message_type: call.outgoing? ? 'outgoing' : 'incoming',
+      content_type: 'voice_call'
     }
-    Messages::MessageBuilder.new(sender, conversation, params).perform
-  end
-
-  def base_payload
-    @base_payload ||= begin
-      data = payload.slice(
-        :call_sid,
-        :status,
-        :call_direction,
-        :conference_sid,
-        :from_number,
-        :to_number
-      ).stringify_keys
-      data['call_direction'] = direction
-      data['meta'] = {
-        'created_at' => timestamps[:created_at] || current_timestamp,
-        'ringing_at' => timestamps[:ringing_at] || current_timestamp
-      }.compact
-      data
-    end
-  end
-
-  def message_type
-    direction == 'outbound' ? 'outgoing' : 'incoming'
+    Messages::MessageBuilder.new(sender, call.conversation, params).perform
   end
 
   def sender
-    return user if direction == 'outbound'
-
-    conversation.contact
-  end
-
-  def validate_sender!
-    return unless direction == 'outbound'
-
-    raise ArgumentError, 'Agent sender required for outbound calls' unless user
-  end
-
-  def current_timestamp
-    @current_timestamp ||= Time.zone.now.to_i
+    call.outgoing? ? call.accepted_by_agent : call.contact
   end
 end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_session_sync_service.rb b/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_session_sync_service.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ce80ae0e..000000000
--- a/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_session_sync_service.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-class Voice::CallSessionSyncService
-  attr_reader :conversation, :call_sid, :message_call_sid, :from_number, :to_number, :direction
-
-  def initialize(conversation:, call_sid:, leg:, message_call_sid: nil)
-    @conversation = conversation
-    @call_sid = call_sid
-    @message_call_sid = message_call_sid || call_sid
-    @from_number = leg[:from_number]
-    @to_number = leg[:to_number]
-    @direction = leg[:direction]
-  end
-
-  def perform
-    ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
-      attrs = refreshed_attributes
-      conversation.update!(
-        additional_attributes: attrs,
-        last_activity_at: current_time
-      )
-      sync_voice_call_message!(attrs)
-    end
-
-    conversation
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def refreshed_attributes
-    attrs = (conversation.additional_attributes || {}).dup
-    attrs['call_direction'] = direction
-    attrs['call_status'] ||= 'ringing'
-    attrs['conference_sid'] ||= Voice::Conference::Name.for(conversation)
-    attrs['meta'] ||= {}
-    attrs['meta']['initiated_at'] ||= current_timestamp
-    attrs
-  end
-
-  def sync_voice_call_message!(attrs)
-    Voice::CallMessageBuilder.perform!(
-      conversation: conversation,
-      direction: direction,
-      payload: {
-        call_sid: message_call_sid,
-        status: attrs['call_status'],
-        conference_sid: attrs['conference_sid'],
-        from_number: origin_number_for(direction),
-        to_number: target_number_for(direction)
-      },
-      user: agent_for(attrs),
-      timestamps: {
-        created_at: attrs.dig('meta', 'initiated_at'),
-        ringing_at: attrs.dig('meta', 'ringing_at')
-      }
-    )
-  end
-
-  def origin_number_for(current_direction)
-    return outbound_origin if current_direction == 'outbound'
-
-    from_number.presence || inbox_number
-  end
-
-  def target_number_for(current_direction)
-    return conversation.contact&.phone_number || to_number if current_direction == 'outbound'
-
-    to_number || conversation.contact&.phone_number
-  end
-
-  def agent_for(attrs)
-    agent_id = attrs['agent_id']
-    return nil unless agent_id
-
-    agent = conversation.account.users.find_by(id: agent_id)
-    raise ArgumentError, 'Agent sender required for outbound call sync' if direction == 'outbound' && agent.nil?
-
-    agent
-  end
-
-  def current_timestamp
-    @current_timestamp ||= current_time.to_i
-  end
-
-  def current_time
-    @current_time ||= Time.zone.now
-  end
-
-  def outbound_origin
-    inbox_number || from_number
-  end
-
-  def inbox_number
-    conversation.inbox&.channel&.phone_number
-  end
-end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_status/manager.rb b/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_status/manager.rb
index 82d7efde7..73ace3a78 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_status/manager.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/services/voice/call_status/manager.rb
@@ -1,66 +1,44 @@
 class Voice::CallStatus::Manager
-  pattr_initialize [:conversation!, :call_sid]
-
-  ALLOWED_STATUSES = %w[ringing in-progress completed no-answer failed].freeze
-  TERMINAL_STATUSES = %w[completed no-answer failed].freeze
+  pattr_initialize [:call!]
 
   def process_status_update(status, duration: nil, timestamp: nil)
-    return unless ALLOWED_STATUSES.include?(status)
+    return unless Call::STATUSES.include?(status)
+    return if call.status == status
 
-    current_status = conversation.additional_attributes&.dig('call_status')
-    return if current_status == status
-
-    apply_status(status, duration: duration, timestamp: timestamp)
-    update_message(status)
+    apply_call_updates!(status, duration: duration, timestamp: timestamp)
+    call.conversation.update!(last_activity_at: Time.zone.now)
+    # Bump updated_at so the message.updated dispatcher rebroadcasts with the fresh Call embedded.
+    call.message&.touch # rubocop:disable Rails/SkipsModelValidations
   end
 
   private
 
-  def apply_status(status, duration:, timestamp:)
-    attrs = (conversation.additional_attributes || {}).dup
-    attrs['call_status'] = status
+  def apply_call_updates!(status, duration:, timestamp:)
+    attrs = { status: status }
+    ts = timestamp || now_seconds
 
-    if status == 'in-progress'
-      attrs['call_started_at'] ||= timestamp || now_seconds
-    elsif TERMINAL_STATUSES.include?(status)
-      attrs['call_ended_at'] = timestamp || now_seconds
-      attrs['call_duration'] = resolved_duration(attrs, duration, timestamp)
+    if status == 'in_progress'
+      # Twilio can emit multiple in-progress updates (answered + in-progress, retries).
+      # Keep the earliest timestamp so duration_seconds doesn't shift forward.
+      started_at = Time.zone.at(ts)
+      attrs[:started_at] = started_at if call.started_at.nil? || started_at < call.started_at
+    elsif Call::TERMINAL_STATUSES.include?(status)
+      call.ended_at = ts
+      attrs[:meta] = call.meta
+      attrs[:duration_seconds] = resolved_duration(duration, ts)
     end
 
-    conversation.update!(
-      additional_attributes: attrs,
-      last_activity_at: current_time
-    )
+    call.update!(attrs)
   end
 
-  def resolved_duration(attrs, provided_duration, timestamp)
+  def resolved_duration(provided_duration, timestamp)
     return provided_duration if provided_duration
+    return unless call.started_at
 
-    started_at = attrs['call_started_at']
-    return unless started_at && timestamp
-
-    [timestamp - started_at.to_i, 0].max
-  end
-
-  def update_message(status)
-    message = conversation.messages
-                          .where(content_type: 'voice_call')
-                          .order(created_at: :desc)
-                          .first
-    return unless message
-
-    data = (message.content_attributes || {}).dup
-    data['data'] ||= {}
-    data['data']['status'] = status
-
-    message.update!(content_attributes: data)
+    [timestamp - call.started_at.to_i, 0].max
   end
 
   def now_seconds
-    current_time.to_i
-  end
-
-  def current_time
-    @current_time ||= Time.zone.now
+    Time.zone.now.to_i
   end
 end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/services/voice/conference/manager.rb b/enterprise/app/services/voice/conference/manager.rb
index 0b54f6ae8..9f34eec75 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/services/voice/conference/manager.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/services/voice/conference/manager.rb
@@ -1,71 +1,71 @@
 class Voice::Conference::Manager
-  pattr_initialize [:conversation!, :event!, :call_sid!, :participant_label]
+  pattr_initialize [:call!, :event!, :participant_label]
+
+  AGENT_LABEL_PATTERN = /\Aagent-(\d+)-account-(\d+)\z/
 
   def process
     case event
     when 'start'
-      ensure_conference_sid!
       mark_ringing!
     when 'join'
-      mark_in_progress! if agent_participant?
+      join_agent! if agent_participant?
     when 'leave'
       handle_leave!
     when 'end'
-      finalize_conference!
+      finalize!
     end
   end
 
   private
 
   def status_manager
-    @status_manager ||= Voice::CallStatus::Manager.new(
-      conversation: conversation,
-      call_sid: call_sid
-    )
-  end
-
-  def ensure_conference_sid!
-    attrs = conversation.additional_attributes || {}
-    return if attrs['conference_sid'].present?
-
-    attrs['conference_sid'] = Voice::Conference::Name.for(conversation)
-    conversation.update!(additional_attributes: attrs)
+    @status_manager ||= Voice::CallStatus::Manager.new(call: call)
   end
 
   def mark_ringing!
-    return if current_status
+    # Guard against delayed conference-start retries rolling a progressed call back to ringing.
+    return unless call.status == 'ringing'
 
     status_manager.process_status_update('ringing')
   end
 
-  def mark_in_progress!
-    status_manager.process_status_update('in-progress', timestamp: current_timestamp)
+  def join_agent!
+    user_id = extract_user_id
+    call.update!(accepted_by_agent_id: user_id) if user_id
+    status_manager.process_status_update('in_progress', timestamp: now)
+  end
+
+  # Parses agent user_id from participant_label. Only returns an id when the
+  # label's embedded account id matches the call's account — protects against
+  # a spoofed/cross-account label attaching a foreign user to the call.
+  def extract_user_id
+    match = participant_label.to_s.match(AGENT_LABEL_PATTERN)
+    return unless match
+    return unless match[2].to_i == call.account_id
+
+    match[1].to_i
   end
 
   def handle_leave!
-    case current_status
+    case call.status
     when 'ringing'
-      status_manager.process_status_update('no-answer', timestamp: current_timestamp)
-    when 'in-progress'
-      status_manager.process_status_update('completed', timestamp: current_timestamp)
+      status_manager.process_status_update('no_answer', timestamp: now)
+    when 'in_progress'
+      status_manager.process_status_update('completed', timestamp: now)
     end
   end
 
-  def finalize_conference!
-    return if %w[completed no-answer failed].include?(current_status)
+  def finalize!
+    return if Call::TERMINAL_STATUSES.include?(call.status)
 
-    status_manager.process_status_update('completed', timestamp: current_timestamp)
-  end
-
-  def current_status
-    conversation.additional_attributes&.dig('call_status')
+    status_manager.process_status_update('completed', timestamp: now)
   end
 
   def agent_participant?
-    participant_label.to_s.start_with?('agent')
+    participant_label.to_s.start_with?('agent-')
   end
 
-  def current_timestamp
+  def now
     Time.zone.now.to_i
   end
 end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/services/voice/conference/name.rb b/enterprise/app/services/voice/conference/name.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 027937b4c..000000000
--- a/enterprise/app/services/voice/conference/name.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-module Voice::Conference::Name
-  def self.for(conversation)
-    "conf_account_#{conversation.account_id}_conv_#{conversation.display_id}"
-  end
-end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/services/voice/inbound_call_builder.rb b/enterprise/app/services/voice/inbound_call_builder.rb
index 03981ac58..a2790dda8 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/services/voice/inbound_call_builder.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/services/voice/inbound_call_builder.rb
@@ -13,21 +13,30 @@ class Voice::InboundCallBuilder
   end
 
   def perform!
-    timestamp = current_timestamp
+    existing = find_existing_call
+    return existing if existing
 
     ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
       contact = ensure_contact!
       contact_inbox = ensure_contact_inbox!(contact)
-      conversation = find_conversation || create_conversation!(contact, contact_inbox)
-      conversation.reload
-      update_conversation!(conversation, timestamp)
-      build_voice_message!(conversation, timestamp)
-      conversation
+      conversation = resolve_conversation!(contact, contact_inbox)
+      call = create_call!(contact, conversation)
+      message = Voice::CallMessageBuilder.new(call).perform!
+      call.update!(message_id: message.id)
+      call
     end
+  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
+    # A concurrent Twilio retry won the create race; return what now exists.
+    find_existing_call || raise
   end
 
   private
 
+  def find_existing_call
+    Call.where(account_id: account.id, inbox_id: inbox.id)
+        .find_by(provider: :twilio, provider_call_id: call_sid)
+  end
+
   def ensure_contact!
     account.contacts.find_or_create_by!(phone_number: from_number) do |record|
       record.name = from_number if record.name.blank?
@@ -43,57 +52,37 @@ class Voice::InboundCallBuilder
     end
   end
 
-  def find_conversation
-    return if call_sid.blank?
+  def resolve_conversation!(contact, contact_inbox)
+    if inbox.lock_to_single_conversation
+      reusable = account.conversations
+                        .where(contact_id: contact.id, inbox_id: inbox.id)
+                        .where.not(status: :resolved)
+                        .order(last_activity_at: :desc)
+                        .first
+      return reusable if reusable
+    end
 
-    account.conversations.includes(:contact).find_by(identifier: call_sid)
-  end
-
-  def create_conversation!(contact, contact_inbox)
     account.conversations.create!(
       contact_inbox_id: contact_inbox.id,
       inbox_id: inbox.id,
       contact_id: contact.id,
-      status: :open,
-      identifier: call_sid
+      status: :open
     )
   end
 
-  def update_conversation!(conversation, timestamp)
-    attrs = {
-      'call_direction' => 'inbound',
-      'call_status' => 'ringing',
-      'conference_sid' => Voice::Conference::Name.for(conversation),
-      'meta' => { 'initiated_at' => timestamp }
-    }
-
-    conversation.update!(
-      identifier: call_sid,
-      additional_attributes: attrs,
-      last_activity_at: current_time
-    )
-  end
-
-  def build_voice_message!(conversation, timestamp)
-    Voice::CallMessageBuilder.perform!(
+  def create_call!(contact, conversation)
+    call = Call.create!(
+      account: account,
+      inbox: inbox,
       conversation: conversation,
-      direction: 'inbound',
-      payload: {
-        call_sid: call_sid,
-        status: 'ringing',
-        conference_sid: conversation.additional_attributes['conference_sid'],
-        from_number: from_number,
-        to_number: inbox.channel&.phone_number
-      },
-      timestamps: { created_at: timestamp, ringing_at: timestamp }
+      contact: contact,
+      provider: :twilio,
+      direction: :incoming,
+      status: 'ringing',
+      provider_call_id: call_sid,
+      meta: { 'initiated_at' => Time.zone.now.to_i }
     )
-  end
-
-  def current_timestamp
-    @current_timestamp ||= current_time.to_i
-  end
-
-  def current_time
-    @current_time ||= Time.zone.now
+    call.update!(conference_sid: call.default_conference_sid)
+    call
   end
 end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/services/voice/outbound_call_builder.rb b/enterprise/app/services/voice/outbound_call_builder.rb
index 1ebcade8a..6c350c5e1 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/services/voice/outbound_call_builder.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/services/voice/outbound_call_builder.rb
@@ -16,17 +16,14 @@ class Voice::OutboundCallBuilder
     raise ArgumentError, 'Contact phone number required' if contact.phone_number.blank?
     raise ArgumentError, 'Agent required' if user.blank?
 
-    timestamp = current_timestamp
-
     ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
       contact_inbox = ensure_contact_inbox!
       conversation = create_conversation!(contact_inbox)
-      conversation.reload
-      conference_sid = Voice::Conference::Name.for(conversation)
       call_sid = initiate_call!
-      update_conversation!(conversation, call_sid, conference_sid, timestamp)
-      build_voice_message!(conversation, call_sid, conference_sid, timestamp)
-      { conversation: conversation, call_sid: call_sid }
+      call = create_call!(conversation, call_sid)
+      message = Voice::CallMessageBuilder.new(call).perform!
+      call.update!(message_id: message.id)
+      call
     end
   end
 
@@ -51,48 +48,23 @@ class Voice::OutboundCallBuilder
   end
 
   def initiate_call!
-    inbox.channel.initiate_call(
-      to: contact.phone_number
-    )[:call_sid]
+    inbox.channel.initiate_call(to: contact.phone_number)[:call_sid]
   end
 
-  def update_conversation!(conversation, call_sid, conference_sid, timestamp)
-    attrs = {
-      'call_direction' => 'outbound',
-      'call_status' => 'ringing',
-      'agent_id' => user.id,
-      'conference_sid' => conference_sid,
-      'meta' => { 'initiated_at' => timestamp }
-    }
-
-    conversation.update!(
-      identifier: call_sid,
-      additional_attributes: attrs,
-      last_activity_at: current_time
-    )
-  end
-
-  def build_voice_message!(conversation, call_sid, conference_sid, timestamp)
-    Voice::CallMessageBuilder.perform!(
+  def create_call!(conversation, call_sid)
+    call = Call.create!(
+      account: account,
+      inbox: inbox,
       conversation: conversation,
-      direction: 'outbound',
-      payload: {
-        call_sid: call_sid,
-        status: 'ringing',
-        conference_sid: conference_sid,
-        from_number: inbox.channel&.phone_number,
-        to_number: contact.phone_number
-      },
-      user: user,
-      timestamps: { created_at: timestamp, ringing_at: timestamp }
+      contact: contact,
+      accepted_by_agent: user,
+      provider: :twilio,
+      direction: :outgoing,
+      status: 'ringing',
+      provider_call_id: call_sid,
+      meta: { 'initiated_at' => Time.zone.now.to_i }
     )
-  end
-
-  def current_timestamp
-    @current_timestamp ||= current_time.to_i
-  end
-
-  def current_time
-    @current_time ||= Time.zone.now
+    call.update!(conference_sid: call.default_conference_sid)
+    call
   end
 end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/services/voice/provider/twilio/conference_service.rb b/enterprise/app/services/voice/provider/twilio/conference_service.rb
index 94e75d89a..4b3a8f0b5 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/services/voice/provider/twilio/conference_service.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/services/voice/provider/twilio/conference_service.rb
@@ -1,35 +1,24 @@
 class Voice::Provider::Twilio::ConferenceService
-  pattr_initialize [:conversation!]
+  pattr_initialize [:call!]
 
   def ensure_conference_sid
-    existing = conversation.additional_attributes&.dig('conference_sid')
-    return existing if existing.present?
+    return call.conference_sid if call.conference_sid.present?
 
-    sid = Voice::Conference::Name.for(conversation)
-    merge_attributes('conference_sid' => sid)
-    sid
+    call.update!(conference_sid: call.default_conference_sid)
+    call.conference_sid
   end
 
   def mark_agent_joined(user:)
-    merge_attributes(
-      'agent_joined' => true,
-      'joined_at' => Time.current.to_i,
-      'joined_by' => { id: user.id, name: user.name }
-    )
+    call.update!(accepted_by_agent: user)
   end
 
   def end_conference
-    client = conversation.inbox.channel.client
+    return if call.conference_sid.blank?
+
+    client = call.inbox.channel.client
     client
       .conferences
-      .list(friendly_name: Voice::Conference::Name.for(conversation), status: 'in-progress')
+      .list(friendly_name: call.conference_sid, status: 'in-progress')
       .each { |conf| client.conferences(conf.sid).update(status: 'completed') }
   end
-
-  private
-
-  def merge_attributes(attrs)
-    current = conversation.additional_attributes || {}
-    conversation.update!(additional_attributes: current.merge(attrs))
-  end
 end
diff --git a/enterprise/app/services/voice/status_update_service.rb b/enterprise/app/services/voice/status_update_service.rb
index 8503d8d3b..db854b2c3 100644
--- a/enterprise/app/services/voice/status_update_service.rb
+++ b/enterprise/app/services/voice/status_update_service.rb
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ class Voice::StatusUpdateService
     'queued' => 'ringing',
     'initiated' => 'ringing',
     'ringing' => 'ringing',
-    'in-progress' => 'in-progress',
-    'inprogress' => 'in-progress',
-    'answered' => 'in-progress',
+    'in-progress' => 'in_progress',
+    'inprogress' => 'in_progress',
+    'answered' => 'in_progress',
     'completed' => 'completed',
-    'busy' => 'no-answer',
-    'no-answer' => 'no-answer',
+    'busy' => 'no_answer',
+    'no-answer' => 'no_answer',
     'failed' => 'failed',
     'canceled' => 'failed'
   }.freeze
@@ -19,13 +19,10 @@ class Voice::StatusUpdateService
     normalized_status = normalize_status(call_status)
     return if normalized_status.blank?
 
-    conversation = account.conversations.find_by(identifier: call_sid)
-    return unless conversation
+    call = Call.where(account_id: account.id).find_by(provider: :twilio, provider_call_id: call_sid)
+    return unless call
 
-    Voice::CallStatus::Manager.new(
-      conversation: conversation,
-      call_sid: call_sid
-    ).process_status_update(
+    Voice::CallStatus::Manager.new(call: call).process_status_update(
       normalized_status,
       duration: payload_duration,
       timestamp: payload_timestamp
diff --git a/spec/enterprise/controllers/api/v1/accounts/conference_controller_spec.rb b/spec/enterprise/controllers/api/v1/accounts/conference_controller_spec.rb
index f3019910a..c35689c84 100644
--- a/spec/enterprise/controllers/api/v1/accounts/conference_controller_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/enterprise/controllers/api/v1/accounts/conference_controller_spec.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ RSpec.describe Api::V1::Accounts::ConferenceController, type: :request do
   let(:account) { create(:account) }
   let(:voice_channel) { create(:channel_twilio_sms, :with_voice, account: account) }
   let(:voice_inbox) { voice_channel.inbox }
-  let(:conversation) { create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: voice_inbox, identifier: nil) }
+  let(:conversation) { create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: voice_inbox) }
   let(:admin) { create(:user, :administrator, account: account) }
   let(:agent) { create(:user, account: account, role: :agent) }
 
@@ -66,41 +66,57 @@ RSpec.describe Api::V1::Accounts::ConferenceController, type: :request do
     end
 
     context 'when authenticated agent with inbox access' do
-      before { create(:inbox_member, inbox: voice_inbox, user: agent) }
+      before do
+        create(:inbox_member, inbox: voice_inbox, user: agent)
+        create(
+          :call,
+          account: account,
+          inbox: voice_inbox,
+          conversation: conversation,
+          contact: conversation.contact,
+          provider_call_id: 'CALL123'
+        )
+      end
 
-      it 'creates conference and sets identifier' do
+      it 'resolves the Call by call_sid and invokes the conference service' do
         post "/api/v1/accounts/#{account.id}/inboxes/#{voice_inbox.id}/conference",
              headers: agent.create_new_auth_token,
              params: { conversation_id: conversation.display_id, call_sid: 'CALL123' }
 
         expect(response).to have_http_status(:ok)
         body = response.parsed_body
-        expect(body['conference_sid']).to be_present
-        conversation.reload
-        expect(conversation.identifier).to eq('CALL123')
+        expect(body['conference_sid']).to eq('CF123')
+        expect(body['id']).to eq(conversation.display_id)
         expect(conference_service).to have_received(:ensure_conference_sid)
         expect(conference_service).to have_received(:mark_agent_joined)
       end
 
-      it 'does not allow accessing conversations from inboxes without access' do
-        other_inbox = create(:inbox, account: account)
-        other_conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: other_inbox, identifier: nil)
-
-        post "/api/v1/accounts/#{account.id}/inboxes/#{voice_inbox.id}/conference",
-             headers: agent.create_new_auth_token,
-             params: { conversation_id: other_conversation.display_id, call_sid: 'CALL123' }
-
-        expect(response).to have_http_status(:not_found)
-        other_conversation.reload
-        expect(other_conversation.identifier).to be_nil
-      end
-
-      it 'returns conflict when call_sid missing' do
+      it 'rejects the request when call_sid is missing' do
         post "/api/v1/accounts/#{account.id}/inboxes/#{voice_inbox.id}/conference",
              headers: agent.create_new_auth_token,
              params: { conversation_id: conversation.display_id }
 
         expect(response).to have_http_status(:unprocessable_content)
+        expect(conference_service).not_to have_received(:ensure_conference_sid)
+      end
+
+      it 'does not allow accessing calls from inboxes without access' do
+        other_inbox = create(:inbox, account: account)
+        other_conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: other_inbox)
+        create(
+          :call,
+          account: account,
+          inbox: other_inbox,
+          conversation: other_conversation,
+          contact: other_conversation.contact,
+          provider_call_id: 'OTHER123'
+        )
+
+        post "/api/v1/accounts/#{account.id}/inboxes/#{voice_inbox.id}/conference",
+             headers: agent.create_new_auth_token,
+             params: { conversation_id: other_conversation.display_id, call_sid: 'OTHER123' }
+
+        expect(response).to have_http_status(:not_found)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -115,25 +131,43 @@ RSpec.describe Api::V1::Accounts::ConferenceController, type: :request do
     end
 
     context 'when authenticated agent with inbox access' do
-      before { create(:inbox_member, inbox: voice_inbox, user: agent) }
+      before do
+        create(:inbox_member, inbox: voice_inbox, user: agent)
+        create(
+          :call,
+          account: account,
+          inbox: voice_inbox,
+          conversation: conversation,
+          contact: conversation.contact,
+          provider_call_id: 'CALL123'
+        )
+      end
 
-      it 'ends conference and returns success' do
+      it 'ends the conference for the resolved call' do
         delete "/api/v1/accounts/#{account.id}/inboxes/#{voice_inbox.id}/conference",
                headers: agent.create_new_auth_token,
-               params: { conversation_id: conversation.display_id }
+               params: { conversation_id: conversation.display_id, call_sid: 'CALL123' }
 
         expect(response).to have_http_status(:ok)
         expect(response.parsed_body['id']).to eq(conversation.display_id)
         expect(conference_service).to have_received(:end_conference)
       end
 
-      it 'does not allow ending conferences for conversations from inboxes without access' do
+      it 'does not allow ending conferences for calls from inboxes without access' do
         other_inbox = create(:inbox, account: account)
-        other_conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: other_inbox, identifier: nil)
+        other_conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: other_inbox)
+        create(
+          :call,
+          account: account,
+          inbox: other_inbox,
+          conversation: other_conversation,
+          contact: other_conversation.contact,
+          provider_call_id: 'OTHER123'
+        )
 
         delete "/api/v1/accounts/#{account.id}/inboxes/#{voice_inbox.id}/conference",
                headers: agent.create_new_auth_token,
-               params: { conversation_id: other_conversation.display_id }
+               params: { conversation_id: other_conversation.display_id, call_sid: 'OTHER123' }
 
         expect(response).to have_http_status(:not_found)
       end
diff --git a/spec/enterprise/controllers/twilio/voice_controller_spec.rb b/spec/enterprise/controllers/twilio/voice_controller_spec.rb
index c04f5ae41..205bb2b59 100644
--- a/spec/enterprise/controllers/twilio/voice_controller_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/enterprise/controllers/twilio/voice_controller_spec.rb
@@ -19,15 +19,24 @@ RSpec.describe 'Twilio::VoiceController', type: :request do
     let(:to_number) { channel.phone_number }
 
     it 'invokes Voice::InboundCallBuilder for inbound calls and renders conference TwiML' do
-      instance_double(Voice::InboundCallBuilder)
       conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: inbox)
+      contact = conversation.contact
+      call = create(
+        :call,
+        account: account,
+        inbox: inbox,
+        conversation: conversation,
+        contact: contact,
+        provider_call_id: call_sid
+      )
+      call.update!(conference_sid: call.default_conference_sid)
 
       expect(Voice::InboundCallBuilder).to receive(:perform!).with(
         account: account,
         inbox: inbox,
         from_number: from_number,
         call_sid: call_sid
-      ).and_return(conversation)
+      ).and_return(call)
 
       post "/twilio/voice/call/#{digits}", params: {
         'CallSid' => call_sid,
@@ -39,64 +48,59 @@ RSpec.describe 'Twilio::VoiceController', type: :request do
       expect(response).to have_http_status(:ok)
       expect(response.body).to include('<Response>')
       expect(response.body).to include('<Dial>')
+      expect(response.body).to include(call.conference_sid)
     end
 
-    it 'syncs an existing outbound conversation when Twilio sends the PSTN leg' do
-      conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: inbox, identifier: call_sid)
-      sync_double = instance_double(Voice::CallSessionSyncService, perform: conversation)
-
-      expect(Voice::CallSessionSyncService).to receive(:new).with(
-        hash_including(
-          conversation: conversation,
-          call_sid: call_sid,
-          message_call_sid: conversation.identifier,
-          leg: {
-            from_number: from_number,
-            to_number: to_number,
-            direction: 'outbound'
-          }
-        )
-      ).and_return(sync_double)
+    it 'looks up the Call when Twilio sends the outbound-api PSTN leg' do
+      conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: inbox)
+      call = create(
+        :call,
+        account: account,
+        inbox: inbox,
+        conversation: conversation,
+        contact: conversation.contact,
+        direction: :outgoing,
+        provider_call_id: call_sid
+      )
+      call.update!(conference_sid: call.default_conference_sid)
 
       post "/twilio/voice/call/#{digits}", params: {
         'CallSid' => call_sid,
-        'From' => from_number,
-        'To' => to_number,
+        'From' => to_number,
+        'To' => from_number,
         'Direction' => 'outbound-api'
       }
 
       expect(response).to have_http_status(:ok)
-      expect(response.body).to include('<Response>')
+      expect(response.body).to include(call.conference_sid)
+      expect(call.reload.parent_call_sid).to be_nil
     end
 
-    it 'uses the parent call SID when syncing outbound-dial legs' do
+    it 'records the parent call SID when syncing outbound-dial legs' do
       parent_sid = 'CA_parent'
       child_sid = 'CA_child'
-      conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: inbox, identifier: parent_sid)
-      sync_double = instance_double(Voice::CallSessionSyncService, perform: conversation)
-
-      expect(Voice::CallSessionSyncService).to receive(:new).with(
-        hash_including(
-          conversation: conversation,
-          call_sid: child_sid,
-          message_call_sid: parent_sid,
-          leg: {
-            from_number: from_number,
-            to_number: to_number,
-            direction: 'outbound'
-          }
-        )
-      ).and_return(sync_double)
+      conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: inbox)
+      call = create(
+        :call,
+        account: account,
+        inbox: inbox,
+        conversation: conversation,
+        contact: conversation.contact,
+        direction: :outgoing,
+        provider_call_id: parent_sid
+      )
+      call.update!(conference_sid: call.default_conference_sid)
 
       post "/twilio/voice/call/#{digits}", params: {
         'CallSid' => child_sid,
         'ParentCallSid' => parent_sid,
-        'From' => from_number,
-        'To' => to_number,
+        'From' => to_number,
+        'To' => from_number,
         'Direction' => 'outbound-dial'
       }
 
       expect(response).to have_http_status(:ok)
+      expect(call.reload.parent_call_sid).to eq(parent_sid)
     end
 
     it 'raises not found when inbox is not present' do
diff --git a/spec/enterprise/services/voice/inbound_call_builder_spec.rb b/spec/enterprise/services/voice/inbound_call_builder_spec.rb
index a021c3a9c..7af9be8e6 100644
--- a/spec/enterprise/services/voice/inbound_call_builder_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/enterprise/services/voice/inbound_call_builder_spec.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ RSpec.describe Voice::InboundCallBuilder do
   let(:channel) { create(:channel_twilio_sms, :with_voice, account: account, phone_number: '+15551239999') }
   let(:inbox) { channel.inbox }
   let(:from_number) { '+15550001111' }
-  let(:to_number) { channel.phone_number }
   let(:call_sid) { 'CA1234567890abcdef' }
 
   before do
@@ -24,98 +23,88 @@ RSpec.describe Voice::InboundCallBuilder do
     )
   end
 
-  context 'when no existing conversation matches call_sid' do
-    it 'creates a new inbound conversation with ringing status' do
-      conversation = nil
-      expect { conversation = perform_builder }.to change(account.conversations, :count).by(1)
+  context 'when no existing call matches call_sid' do
+    it 'creates a new conversation and Call with ringing status' do
+      call = nil
+      expect { call = perform_builder }.to change(account.conversations, :count).by(1).and change(Call, :count).by(1)
 
-      attrs = conversation.additional_attributes
-      expect(conversation.identifier).to eq(call_sid)
-      expect(attrs['call_direction']).to eq('inbound')
-      expect(attrs['call_status']).to eq('ringing')
-      expect(attrs['conference_sid']).to be_present
-      expect(attrs.dig('meta', 'initiated_at')).to be_present
-      expect(conversation.contact.phone_number).to eq(from_number)
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(call).to be_a(Call)
+        expect(call.provider_call_id).to eq(call_sid)
+        expect(call.provider).to eq('twilio')
+        expect(call.direction).to eq('incoming')
+        expect(call.status).to eq('ringing')
+        expect(call.conference_sid).to eq("conf_account_#{account.id}_call_#{call.id}")
+        expect(call.meta['initiated_at']).to be_present
+        expect(call.contact.phone_number).to eq(from_number)
+      end
     end
 
-    it 'creates a single voice_call message marked as incoming' do
-      conversation = perform_builder
-      voice_message = conversation.messages.voice_calls.last
+    it 'creates a voice_call message matched to the call and linked via message_id' do
+      call = perform_builder
+      voice_message = call.conversation.messages.voice_calls.last
 
-      expect(voice_message).to be_present
-      expect(voice_message.message_type).to eq('incoming')
-      data = voice_message.content_attributes['data']
-      expect(data).to include(
-        'call_sid' => call_sid,
-        'status' => 'ringing',
-        'call_direction' => 'inbound',
-        'conference_sid' => conversation.additional_attributes['conference_sid'],
-        'from_number' => from_number,
-        'to_number' => inbox.channel.phone_number
-      )
-      expect(data['meta']['created_at']).to be_present
-      expect(data['meta']['ringing_at']).to be_present
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(voice_message).to be_present
+        expect(voice_message.message_type).to eq('incoming')
+        expect(call.message_id).to eq(voice_message.id)
+        expect(voice_message.call).to eq(call)
+      end
     end
 
     it 'sets the contact name to the phone number for new callers' do
-      conversation = perform_builder
+      call = perform_builder
 
-      expect(conversation.contact.name).to eq(from_number)
+      expect(call.contact.name).to eq(from_number)
     end
 
-    it 'ensures the conversation has a display_id before building the conference SID' do
-      allow(Voice::Conference::Name).to receive(:for).and_wrap_original do |original, conversation|
-        expect(conversation.display_id).to be_present
-        original.call(conversation)
-      end
+    it 'does not set conversation.identifier or write call state to additional_attributes' do
+      call = perform_builder
+      conversation = call.conversation
 
-      perform_builder
+      expect(conversation.identifier).to be_nil
+      expect(conversation.additional_attributes).not_to include('call_status', 'call_direction', 'conference_sid')
     end
   end
 
-  context 'when a conversation already exists for the call_sid' do
-    let(:contact) { create(:contact, account: account, phone_number: from_number) }
+  context 'when a Call already exists for the call_sid' do
+    let(:existing_call) do
+      conversation = create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: inbox)
+      create(
+        :call,
+        account: account,
+        inbox: inbox,
+        conversation: conversation,
+        contact: conversation.contact,
+        provider_call_id: call_sid
+      )
+    end
+
+    it 'returns the existing call without creating a duplicate' do
+      existing_call
+      expect { perform_builder }.not_to change(Call, :count)
+      expect(perform_builder).to eq(existing_call)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when the inbox has lock_to_single_conversation enabled' do
+    let!(:contact) { create(:contact, account: account, phone_number: from_number) }
     let!(:contact_inbox) { create(:contact_inbox, contact: contact, inbox: inbox, source_id: from_number) }
-    let!(:existing_conversation) do
-      create(
-        :conversation,
-        account: account,
-        inbox: inbox,
-        contact: contact,
-        contact_inbox: contact_inbox,
-        identifier: call_sid,
-        additional_attributes: { 'call_direction' => 'outbound', 'conference_sid' => nil }
-      )
-    end
-    let(:existing_message) do
-      create(
-        :message,
-        account: account,
-        inbox: inbox,
-        conversation: existing_conversation,
-        message_type: :incoming,
-        content_type: :voice_call,
-        sender: contact,
-        content_attributes: { 'data' => { 'call_sid' => call_sid, 'status' => 'queued' } }
-      )
+    let!(:existing_open_conversation) do
+      create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: inbox, contact: contact, contact_inbox: contact_inbox, status: :open)
     end
 
-    it 'reuses the conversation without creating a duplicate' do
-      existing_message
-      expect { perform_builder }.not_to change(account.conversations, :count)
-      existing_conversation.reload
-      expect(existing_conversation.additional_attributes['call_direction']).to eq('inbound')
-      expect(existing_conversation.additional_attributes['call_status']).to eq('ringing')
+    before { inbox.update!(lock_to_single_conversation: true) }
+
+    it 'reuses the most recent non-resolved conversation' do
+      call = nil
+      expect { call = perform_builder }.not_to change(account.conversations, :count)
+      expect(call.conversation).to eq(existing_open_conversation)
     end
 
-    it 'updates the existing voice call message instead of creating a new one' do
-      existing_message
-      expect { perform_builder }.not_to(change { existing_conversation.reload.messages.voice_calls.count })
-      updated_message = existing_conversation.reload.messages.voice_calls.last
-
-      data = updated_message.content_attributes['data']
-      expect(data['status']).to eq('ringing')
-      expect(data['call_direction']).to eq('inbound')
+    it 'still creates a new Call and voice_call message on the reused conversation' do
+      expect { perform_builder }.to change(Call, :count).by(1)
+                                                        .and change { existing_open_conversation.reload.messages.voice_calls.count }.by(1)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/enterprise/services/voice/outbound_call_builder_spec.rb b/spec/enterprise/services/voice/outbound_call_builder_spec.rb
index 13d667925..796afe715 100644
--- a/spec/enterprise/services/voice/outbound_call_builder_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/enterprise/services/voice/outbound_call_builder_spec.rb
@@ -15,45 +15,45 @@ RSpec.describe Voice::OutboundCallBuilder do
       .and_return(instance_double(Twilio::VoiceWebhookSetupService, perform: "AP#{SecureRandom.hex(8)}"))
     allow(inbox).to receive(:channel).and_return(channel)
     allow(channel).to receive(:initiate_call).and_return({ call_sid: call_sid })
-    allow(Voice::Conference::Name).to receive(:for).and_call_original
   end
 
   describe '.perform!' do
-    it 'creates a conversation and voice call message' do
-      conversation_count = account.conversations.count
-      inbox_link_count = contact.contact_inboxes.where(inbox_id: inbox.id).count
+    it 'creates a conversation, Call, and voice_call message' do
+      call = nil
+      expect do
+        call = described_class.perform!(
+          account: account,
+          inbox: inbox,
+          user: user,
+          contact: contact
+        )
+      end.to change(account.conversations, :count).by(1).and change(Call, :count).by(1)
 
-      result = described_class.perform!(
+      aggregate_failures do
+        expect(call).to be_a(Call)
+        expect(call.provider_call_id).to eq(call_sid)
+        expect(call.direction).to eq('outgoing')
+        expect(call.status).to eq('ringing')
+        expect(call.accepted_by_agent_id).to eq(user.id)
+        expect(call.conference_sid).to eq("conf_account_#{account.id}_call_#{call.id}")
+
+        voice_message = call.conversation.messages.voice_calls.last
+        expect(call.message_id).to eq(voice_message.id)
+        expect(voice_message.message_type).to eq('outgoing')
+        expect(voice_message.call).to eq(call)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'does not set conversation.identifier or write call state to additional_attributes' do
+      call = described_class.perform!(
         account: account,
         inbox: inbox,
         user: user,
         contact: contact
       )
 
-      expect(account.conversations.count).to eq(conversation_count + 1)
-      expect(contact.contact_inboxes.where(inbox_id: inbox.id).count).to eq(inbox_link_count + 1)
-
-      conversation = result[:conversation].reload
-      attrs = conversation.additional_attributes
-
-      aggregate_failures do
-        expect(result[:call_sid]).to eq(call_sid)
-        expect(conversation.identifier).to eq(call_sid)
-        expect(attrs).to include('call_direction' => 'outbound', 'call_status' => 'ringing')
-        expect(attrs['agent_id']).to eq(user.id)
-        expect(attrs['conference_sid']).to be_present
-
-        voice_message = conversation.messages.voice_calls.last
-        expect(voice_message.message_type).to eq('outgoing')
-
-        message_data = voice_message.content_attributes['data']
-        expect(message_data).to include(
-          'call_sid' => call_sid,
-          'conference_sid' => attrs['conference_sid'],
-          'from_number' => channel.phone_number,
-          'to_number' => contact.phone_number
-        )
-      end
+      expect(call.conversation.identifier).to be_nil
+      expect(call.conversation.additional_attributes).not_to include('call_status', 'call_direction', 'agent_id', 'conference_sid')
     end
 
     it 'raises an error when contact is missing a phone number' do
@@ -79,19 +79,5 @@ RSpec.describe Voice::OutboundCallBuilder do
         )
       end.to raise_error(ArgumentError, 'Agent required')
     end
-
-    it 'ensures the conversation has a display_id before building the conference SID' do
-      allow(Voice::Conference::Name).to receive(:for).and_wrap_original do |original, conversation|
-        expect(conversation.display_id).to be_present
-        original.call(conversation)
-      end
-
-      described_class.perform!(
-        account: account,
-        inbox: inbox,
-        user: user,
-        contact: contact
-      )
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/enterprise/services/voice/provider/twilio/conference_service_spec.rb b/spec/enterprise/services/voice/provider/twilio/conference_service_spec.rb
index 54b22c542..519519eed 100644
--- a/spec/enterprise/services/voice/provider/twilio/conference_service_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/enterprise/services/voice/provider/twilio/conference_service_spec.rb
@@ -4,8 +4,17 @@ describe Voice::Provider::Twilio::ConferenceService do
   let(:account) { create(:account) }
   let(:channel) { create(:channel_twilio_sms, :with_voice, account: account) }
   let(:conversation) { create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: channel.inbox) }
+  let(:call) do
+    create(
+      :call,
+      account: account,
+      inbox: channel.inbox,
+      conversation: conversation,
+      contact: conversation.contact
+    )
+  end
   let(:twilio_client) { instance_double(Twilio::REST::Client) }
-  let(:service) { described_class.new(conversation: conversation) }
+  let(:service) { described_class.new(call: call) }
   let(:webhook_service) { instance_double(Twilio::VoiceWebhookSetupService, perform: true) }
 
   before do
@@ -14,42 +23,37 @@ describe Voice::Provider::Twilio::ConferenceService do
   end
 
   describe '#ensure_conference_sid' do
-    it 'returns existing sid if present' do
-      conversation.update!(additional_attributes: { 'conference_sid' => 'CF_EXISTING' })
+    it 'returns existing sid if present on the Call' do
+      call.update!(conference_sid: 'CF_EXISTING')
 
       expect(service.ensure_conference_sid).to eq('CF_EXISTING')
     end
 
     it 'sets and returns generated sid when missing' do
-      allow(Voice::Conference::Name).to receive(:for).and_return('CF_GEN')
-
-      sid = service.ensure_conference_sid
-
-      expect(sid).to eq('CF_GEN')
-      expect(conversation.reload.additional_attributes['conference_sid']).to eq('CF_GEN')
+      expect(service.ensure_conference_sid).to eq("conf_account_#{account.id}_call_#{call.id}")
+      expect(call.reload.conference_sid).to eq("conf_account_#{account.id}_call_#{call.id}")
     end
   end
 
   describe '#mark_agent_joined' do
-    it 'stores agent join metadata' do
+    it 'sets accepted_by_agent on the Call' do
       agent = create(:user, account: account)
 
       service.mark_agent_joined(user: agent)
 
-      attrs = conversation.reload.additional_attributes
-      expect(attrs['agent_joined']).to be true
-      expect(attrs['joined_by']['id']).to eq(agent.id)
+      expect(call.reload.accepted_by_agent_id).to eq(agent.id)
     end
   end
 
   describe '#end_conference' do
-    it 'completes in-progress conferences' do
+    it 'completes in-progress conferences matching the call conference_sid' do
+      call.update!(conference_sid: 'CF123_FRIENDLY')
       conferences_proxy = instance_double(Twilio::REST::Api::V2010::AccountContext::ConferenceList)
       conf_instance = instance_double(Twilio::REST::Api::V2010::AccountContext::ConferenceInstance, sid: 'CF123')
       conf_context = instance_double(Twilio::REST::Api::V2010::AccountContext::ConferenceInstance)
 
       allow(twilio_client).to receive(:conferences).with(no_args).and_return(conferences_proxy)
-      allow(conferences_proxy).to receive(:list).and_return([conf_instance])
+      allow(conferences_proxy).to receive(:list).with(friendly_name: 'CF123_FRIENDLY', status: 'in-progress').and_return([conf_instance])
       allow(twilio_client).to receive(:conferences).with('CF123').and_return(conf_context)
       allow(conf_context).to receive(:update).with(status: 'completed')
 
@@ -57,5 +61,11 @@ describe Voice::Provider::Twilio::ConferenceService do
 
       expect(conf_context).to have_received(:update).with(status: 'completed')
     end
+
+    it 'no-ops when call has no conference_sid' do
+      allow(twilio_client).to receive(:conferences)
+      service.end_conference
+      expect(twilio_client).not_to have_received(:conferences)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/enterprise/services/voice/status_update_service_spec.rb b/spec/enterprise/services/voice/status_update_service_spec.rb
index 6f88f51c6..cad3e6575 100644
--- a/spec/enterprise/services/voice/status_update_service_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/enterprise/services/voice/status_update_service_spec.rb
@@ -4,43 +4,47 @@ require 'rails_helper'
 
 RSpec.describe Voice::StatusUpdateService do
   let(:account) { create(:account) }
-  let!(:contact) { create(:contact, account: account, phone_number: from_number) }
-  let(:contact_inbox) { ContactInbox.create!(contact: contact, inbox: inbox, source_id: from_number) }
+  let(:channel) { create(:channel_twilio_sms, :with_voice, account: account, phone_number: '+15551230002') }
+  let(:inbox) { channel.inbox }
+  let(:from_number) { '+15550002222' }
+  let(:call_sid) { 'CATESTSTATUS123' }
+  let(:contact) { create(:contact, account: account, phone_number: from_number) }
+  let(:contact_inbox) { create(:contact_inbox, contact: contact, inbox: inbox, source_id: from_number) }
   let(:conversation) do
-    Conversation.create!(
-      account_id: account.id,
-      inbox_id: inbox.id,
-      contact_id: contact.id,
-      contact_inbox_id: contact_inbox.id,
-      identifier: call_sid,
-      additional_attributes: { 'call_direction' => 'inbound', 'call_status' => 'ringing' }
+    create(:conversation, account: account, inbox: inbox, contact: contact, contact_inbox: contact_inbox)
+  end
+  let!(:call) do
+    create(
+      :call,
+      account: account,
+      inbox: inbox,
+      conversation: conversation,
+      contact: contact,
+      provider_call_id: call_sid
     )
   end
-  let(:message) do
-    conversation.messages.create!(
+  let!(:message) do
+    msg = conversation.messages.create!(
       account_id: account.id,
       inbox_id: inbox.id,
       message_type: :incoming,
       sender: contact,
       content: 'Voice Call',
       content_type: 'voice_call',
-      content_attributes: { data: { call_sid: call_sid, status: 'ringing' } }
+      content_attributes: { 'data' => { 'call_sid' => call_sid, 'status' => 'ringing' } }
     )
+    call.update!(message_id: msg.id)
+    msg
   end
-  let(:channel) { create(:channel_twilio_sms, :with_voice, account: account, phone_number: '+15551230002') }
-  let(:inbox) { channel.inbox }
-  let(:from_number) { '+15550002222' }
-  let(:call_sid) { 'CATESTSTATUS123' }
 
   before do
     allow(Twilio::VoiceWebhookSetupService).to receive(:new)
       .and_return(instance_double(Twilio::VoiceWebhookSetupService, perform: "AP#{SecureRandom.hex(16)}"))
   end
 
-  it 'updates conversation and last voice message with call status' do
-    # Ensure records are created after stub setup
-    conversation
-    message
+  it 'updates the Call and touches the linked message on status transition' do
+    previous_updated_at = message.updated_at
+    travel 1.second
 
     described_class.new(
       account: account,
@@ -48,31 +52,24 @@ RSpec.describe Voice::StatusUpdateService do
       call_status: 'completed'
     ).perform
 
-    conversation.reload
+    call.reload
     message.reload
 
-    expect(conversation.additional_attributes['call_status']).to eq('completed')
-    expect(message.content_attributes.dig('data', 'status')).to eq('completed')
+    expect(call.status).to eq('completed')
+    expect(message.updated_at).to be > previous_updated_at
   end
 
-  it 'normalizes busy to no-answer' do
-    conversation
-    message
-
+  it 'normalizes busy to no_answer on the Call' do
     described_class.new(
       account: account,
       call_sid: call_sid,
       call_status: 'busy'
     ).perform
 
-    conversation.reload
-    message.reload
-
-    expect(conversation.additional_attributes['call_status']).to eq('no-answer')
-    expect(message.content_attributes.dig('data', 'status')).to eq('no-answer')
+    expect(call.reload.status).to eq('no_answer')
   end
 
-  it 'no-ops when conversation not found' do
+  it 'no-ops when no Call matches the provided call_sid' do
     expect do
       described_class.new(account: account, call_sid: 'UNKNOWN', call_status: 'busy').perform
     end.not_to raise_error
diff --git a/spec/factories/calls.rb b/spec/factories/calls.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40b8df24a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/spec/factories/calls.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+FactoryBot.define do
+  factory :call do
+    association :conversation
+    account { conversation.account }
+    inbox { conversation.inbox }
+    contact { conversation.contact }
+    provider { :twilio }
+    direction { :incoming }
+    status { 'ringing' }
+    sequence(:provider_call_id) { |n| "CA#{SecureRandom.hex(15)}#{n}" }
+  end
+end